| TYPICAL FOULING FACTORS |
| COOLING WATER |
Fouling Factors in [m²K/W] |
|
| Conditions |
Cooling water < 50ºC |
Cooling water > 50ºC |
|
|
Cooled fluid< 120ºC |
Cooled fluid > 120ºC |
|
| Water velocity |
v < 1 m/s |
v > 1 m/s |
v < 1 m/s |
v > 1 m/s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Type of water |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sea |
0,00009 |
0,00009 |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
|
| Brackish |
0,00035 |
0,00018 |
0,00053 |
0,00035 |
|
| Cooling tower with inhibitor |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
|
| Cooling tower without inhibitor |
0,00053 |
0,00053 |
0,00088 |
0,00070 |
|
| City grid |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
|
| River minimum |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
|
| River average |
0,00053 |
0,00035 |
0,00070 |
0,00035 |
|
| Engine jacket |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
|
| Demineralized or distilled |
0,00009 |
0,00009 |
0,00009 |
0,00009 |
|
| Treated boiler feedwater |
0,00018 |
0,00009 |
0,00018 |
0,00018 |
|
| Boiler blowdown |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SEVERAL FLUIDS |
Fouling Factors in [m²K/W] |
|
| Group |
Fluid |
Fouling Factor |
|
| Oil |
Gasoil |
0,00009 |
|
| Transformer |
0,00018 |
|
| Lubrication |
0,00018 |
|
| Heat transfer oil |
0,00018 |
|
| Hydraulic |
0,00018 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gas and Vapour |
Hydrogen |
0,00176 |
|
| Engine exhaust |
0,00176 |
|
| Steam |
0,00009 |
|
| Steam with oiltraces |
0,00018 |
|
| Cooling fluid vapours with oil traces |
0,00035 |
|
| Organic solvent vapours |
0,00018 |
|
| Compressed air |
0,00035 |
|
| Natural gas |
0,00018 |
|
| Stable top products |
0,00018 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Liquid |
Cooling fluid |
0,00018 |
|
| Organic heat transfer fluids |
0,00018 |
|
| Salts |
0,00009 |
|
| LPG, LNG |
0,00018 |
|
| MEA and DEA(Amines) solutions |
0,00035 |
|
| DEG and TEG(Glycols) solutions |
0,00035 |
|
| Stable side products |
0,00018 |
|
| Stable bottom products |
0,00018 |
|
| Caustics |
0,00035 |
|
| Vgetables oils |
0,00053 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| REFINERY FLUIDS |
Fouling Factors in [m²K/W] |
| Crude – wet (bearing salty water) |
Temperature |
0 – 95ºC |
95 – 160ºC |
160 – 260ºC |
> 95 ºC |
| Velocity |
|
|
|
|
| < 0,6 m/s |
0,00053 |
0,00088 |
0,00105 |
0,00123 |
| 0,6 m/s – 1,2 m/s |
0,00035 |
0,00070 |
0,00088 |
0,00106 |
| > 1,2 m/s |
0,00035 |
0,00070 |
0,00070 |
0,00088 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Crude – dry |
Temperature |
0 – 95ºC |
95 – 160ºC |
160 – 260ºC |
> 95 ºC |
| Velocity |
|
|
|
|
| < 0,6 m/s |
0,00053 |
0,00053 |
0,00070 |
0,00088 |
| 0,6 m/s – 1,2 m/s |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
0,00053 |
0,00070 |
| > 1,2 m/s |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
0,00035 |
0,00053 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Products |
Gasoline |
0,00018 |
|
| Naphtha and light distillates |
0,00018 |
|
| Kerosene |
0,00018 |
|
| Light gas oil |
0,00035 |
|
| Heavy gas oil |
0,00053 |
|
| Heavy fuel oil |
0,00088 |
|
| Asphalt and residuum |
0,00176 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cracking and coking units streams |
Overhead vapors |
0,00035 |
|
| Light cycle oil |
0,00035 |
|
| Heavy cycle oil |
0,00053 |
|
| Light coker gas oil |
0,00053 |
|
| Heavy coker gas oil |
0,00070 |
|
| Bottom slurry(> 1,5 m/s) |
0,00053 |
|
| Bottom liquid products |
0,00035 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Catalytic reforming, hydrocracking, hydrodesulfurization (HDS) |
Reformer charge |
0,00035 |
|
| Reformer effluent |
0,00018 |
|
| Hydrocracher charge and effluent |
0,00035 |
|
| Recycle gas |
0,00018 |
|
| HDS charge and effluent |
0,00035 |
|
| Overhead vapors |
0,00018 |
|
| Liquid product > 50 API |
0,00018 |
|
| Liquid product 30 to 50 API |
0,00035 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Light ends processing streams |
Overhead vapors and gases |
0,00018 |
|
| Liquid products |
0,00018 |
|
| Absorption oils |
0,00035 |
|
| Alkylation trace acid streams |
0,00053 |
|
| Reboiler streams |
0,00053 |
|
| Lube oil processing streams |
0,00053 |
|
| Feed stock |
0,00035 |
|
| Solvent feed mix |
0,00035 |
|
| Solvent feed mix |
0,00018 |
|
| Extract |
0,00035 |
|
| Raffinate |
0,00018 |
|
| Asphalt |
0,00088 |
|
| Wax slurries |
0,00053 |
|
| Redined lube oil |
0,00018 |
